Edizione telematica
di

 Ambiente Risorse Salute

Luglio 2000



Bibliografia completa relativa all'articolo


"Monitoraggio Biologico della Qualità dell'Aria: Stato
dell'Arte"
di
Gaetano Cecchetti, Marcelo Enrique Conti

Premessa
 

Negli studi di impatto ambientale e soprattutto nelle autorizzazioni con prescrizioni da parte del Ministero dell'Ambiente vengono spesso richieste indagini e controlli attraverso indicatori biologici quali validi strumenti di verifica dello stato di qualità dell'aria conseguente alle opere (specie impianti industriali) oggetto di V.I.A. La mini-rassegna, pubblicata sull'ultimo numero di Ambiente Risorse Salute e della quale viene di seguito riportata la bibliografia completa, si propone di analizzare alcuni degli aspetti teorici del monitoraggio biologico e di fare lo stato dell'arte per alcuni dei bioindicatori più importanti usati per lo studio e la valutazione della qualità dell'aria. Lo scopo del lavoro è quello di segnalare le linee più importanti dello stato attuale delle conoscenze in materia nonché fornire un valido strumento di aggiornamento e/o dibattito.

Bibliografia

  1. Amman K., Herzig R., Liebendofer L., Urech M. (1987) Multivariate correlation of deposition data of 8 different air pollutants to lichen data in a small town in Switzerland Advances in Aerobiology, 87, 401-406.
  2. Balaguer L., Manrique E. (1991) Interaction between sulfur dioxide and nitrate in some lichens. Env. and Exp. Botany, 31, 2, 223-227.
  3. Benedini M., Cicioni G. (1992) I modelli matematici e le loro potenzialità. IRSA (Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque) Atti della giornata di studio: Modelli matematici per il Bacino del fiume Po, Parma, 3 June, 1992. Quad. IRSA, 95, pp 1.1-1.30.
  4. Benton J., Fuhrer J., Sanders G. (1995) Results from the UN/ECE ICP-Crops indicate the extent of exceedance of the critical levels of ozone in Europe. Water, air and soil pollution, 85, 3, 1473.
  5. Berge H. (1973) Plants as indicators of air pollution. Toxicology, 1, 79-89.
  6. Bero A.S.,Gibbs R.J. (1990) Mechanisms of pollutant transport in the Hudson Estuary.The Science of the Total Environment 97/98: 9-22.
  7. Bradford M.M.(1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of proteins utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem, 72, 248-254.
  8. Bromenshenk J.J., Gudatis J.I., Cronn R.C., Olbu G.J. (1988a) Uptake and impact of heavy metals to honey bees. Am. Bee J., 128 (12), 800-801.
  9. Bromenshenk J.J., Cronn R.C., Nugent J.J., Olbu G.J. (1988b) Biomonitoring for the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory: Evaluation of fluoride in honey bees. Am. Bee J., 128 (12), 799-800.
  10. Bromenshenk J.J., Cronn R.C., Nugent J.J.(1996) Monitoring fluoride with honey bees in the upper snake river plain of Idaho. J. Environ. Qual., 25, 868-877.
  11. Bromenshenk J.J., Smith G.C., King B.E., Seccomb R.A., Alnasser G. (1997) New and improved methods for monitoring air quality and the terrestrial environment. Govt. Reports Announcements & Index, Issue 21.
  12. Carballeira A., Carral E., Puente X., Villares R. (1999) Extensive control of litoral contamination. Nutrients and heavy metals in sediments and organisms on Galicia coast (NW Spain) in: Conti M.E., Botrè F (eds.) (1999) The Control of Marine Pollution: Current Status and Future Trends, special issue of International Journal of Environment and Pollution, in press.
  13. Cardarelli E., Achilli M., Campanella C., Bartoli A. (1993) Monitoraggio dell'inquinamento da metalli pesanti mediante l'uso di licheni nella città di Roma. Inquinamento, 6, 56-63.
  14. Carreras H.A., Gudiño, Pignata M.L. (1998) Comparative biomonitoring of atmospheric quality in five zones of Còrdoba city (Argentina) employing the transplanted lichen Usnea sp. Env. Poll. 103, 317-325.
  15. Cislaghi C. and Nimis P.L. (1997) Lichens, air pollution and lung cancer. Nature, 387, 463-464.
  16. Connell, D. (1986) Ecotoxicology - A new approach to understanding hazardous chemicals in the environment.Search 17(1-2): 27-31.
  17. Conti M.E. (1996). The pollution of the Adriatic Sea: scientific knowledge and policy actions. Int. J. Environment and Pollution, 6, 2/3, 113-130.
  18. Conti M.E., Saccares S., Cubadda F., Cavallina R., Tenoglio C.A., Ciprotti L. (1998) Il miele nel Lazio: Indagine sul contenuto in metalli in tracce e radionuclidi, La Rivista di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, n.2, 107-119.
  19. Conti M.E., Ciprotti L (1999) Il miele come bioindicatore della contaminazione da metalli pesanti. Rivista Sanità Rapporti, in corso di stampa.
  20. Conti M.E.,Botré F. (1999) Honey bees and their products as potential bioindicators of heavy metals contamination. Env Mon Ass, in press.
  21. Ferry B.W., Baddeley M.S., Hawksworth D.L. (1973) Air pollution and lichens. The Athlone Press, London, 389 pp.
  22. Fumagalli I., Mignanego L., Ambrogi R. (1999) Effetti dell'inquinamento atmosferico sui vegetali: 10 anni di ricerche condotte dall'ENEL. Acqua-Aria, ottobre 1999, 109-118.
  23. Garty J., Cohen Y, Kloog N.,(1998) Airborne elements, cell membranes, and chlorophyll in transplanted lichens. J. Environ. Qual., 27, 973-979.
  24. Garty J., Kloog N., Cohen Y., Wolfson R., Karnieli A. (1997) The effect of air pollution on the integrity of chlorofill, spectral reflectance response, and on concentration of nickel, vanadium and sulfur in the lichen Ramalina duriaei (De Not.) Bagl., Env. Res., 74, 174-187.
  25. Godbold D.L., Feig R., Cremer-Herms A., Hüttermann A. (1993) Determination of stress bioindicators in three Norway spruce stands in northern Germany. Water, air and Soil Pollution, 66, 231-237.
  26. Gombert S., Asta J. (1997) Monitoring the chlorine pollution of a refuse incinerator using lichens and sphagnum mosses. Ecologie (Brunoy), 28, 4, 365-372.
  27. Gonzàlez C.M., Pignata M.L. (1994) The influence of air pollution on soluble proteins, chlorophyll degradation, MDA, sulphur and heavy metals in a transplanted lichen. Chemistry and Ecology, 9, 105-113.
  28. Gonzàlez C.M., Casanovas S.S., Pignata M.L. (1996) Biomonitoring of air pollutants from traffic and industries employing Ramalina ecklonii (Spreng.) Mey. And Flot. In Còrdoba, Argentina. Env Poll 91, 3, 269-277.
  29. Gottardini E., Cristofolini F., Marchetti F. (1999) Biomonitoraggio della qualità dell'aria della città di Trento tramite licheni epifiti. Acqua&Aria, aprile 1999, 67-71.
  30. Granier L., Chevreuil M. (1992) On the use of tree leaves as bioindicators of the contamination of air by organochlorines in France. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 64,573-584.
  31. Hänninen O., Ruuskanen J., Oksanen J. (1993) A method for facilitating the use of algae growing on tree trunks as bioindicators of air quality. Environmental, Monitoring and Assessment, 28, 215-220.
  32. Hawksworth D.L., Rose F. (1970) Qualitative scale for estimating sulphur dioxide air pollution in England and Wales using epiphytic lichens. Nature 227 (254), 145-148.
  33. Heagle A.S., Miller J.E., Rebbeck J. (1994) Response of a white clover indicator system to tropospheric ozone at eight locations in the United States. Water, air, and soil pollution, 85, 3, 1373.
  34. Heath R.L., Packer L. (1968) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acids peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125, 189-198.
  35. Herman R.(1987) Environmental transfer of some organic micropollutans. Ecological Studies 61: 68-99.
  36. Hertz J. (1991) Bioindicators for monitoring heavy metals in the environment.Metals and their compounds in the environment.Merian, E. (Ed.).: 221-232.
  37. Jensen S. (1972) Ambio 1, 123.
  38. Karlsson G.P., Sellden G., Pleijel H. (1995) Clover as and indicator plant for phytotoxic ozone concentrations: visible injury in relation to species, leaf age and exposure dynamics. The New phytologist, 129, 2, 355.
  39. Klumpp A. and Klumpp G. (1994) Plants as bioindicators of air pollution at the Serra do Mar ner the industrial complex of Cubatão, Brazil. Env. Poll 85 (109-116).
  40. Kosugi H., Jojima T., Kikugawa K. (1989) Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances from peroxidized lipids. Lipids, 24, 873-881.
  41. Krumgalz, B.S. (1989) Unusual grain size effect on trace metals and organic matter in contaminated sediments.Marine Pollution Bulletin,20(12): 608-611.
  42. Le Blanc F., Rao D.N. (1975) Effects of air pollutants on lichens and bryophytes. In Mudd B.J. and Koziowski T.T. (eds.). Responses of plants to air pollution. Accademic Press., 237-271.
  43. Levin A.G., Pignata, M.L. (1995) Ramalina ecklonii (Spreng) Mey. And Flot. As bioindicator of atmospheric pollution in Argentina. Canadian J Bot, 73, 8, 1196-1202.
  44. Lo Porto A., Macchiato M., Ragosta M. (1992) Bioindicazione della qualità dell'aria tramite licheni epifiti nella provincia di Potenza. Acqua e Aria, 1, 92, 11-18.
  45. Loppi S. (1996) Lichen as bioindicators of Geothermal air pollution in central Italy. Bryologist 99 (1), 41-48.
  46. Loppi S., Giovannelli L., Pirintsos S.A., Putorti E., Corsini A. (1997) b. Ecologia Mediterranea 23, 3-4, 53-56.
  47. Loppi S., Pirintsos S.A., De Dominicis V. (1999) Soil contribution to the elemental composition of epiphytic lichens (Tuscany, Central Italy). Env Mon Ass, 58, 121-131.
  48. Lorber M., Pinsky P., Gehring P., Braverman C., Winters D., Sovocool W. (1998) Realtionships between dioxins in soil, air, ash, and emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator emitting large amounts of dioxins. Chemosphere, 37, 9-12, 2173-2197.
  49. Manning W.J., Feder W.A. (1980) Biomonitoring air pollutants with plants. Applied Science Publ., London, UK.
  50. Manuppella A., Carlomagno C. (1990) Air pollution and zonation of epiphytic lichens in the city of Isernia. Ann Ig, 2 (5), 335-341.
  51. Mayer D.F., Lunden J.D., I.W. Wenstein (1986) Evaluation of fluoride leves and effects on honey bees. American Bee Journal, 126 (12), 832-833.
  52. Monaci F., Bargagli R., Gasparo D. (1997) Air pollution monitoring by lichens in a small medieval town of central Italy. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 46, 4, 403-412.
  53. Moriarty, F. (1988) Ecotoxicology. The study of pollutants in ecosystems. Academic Press, London.
  54. Nimis P.L. (1985) Urban lichen studies in Italy. 1st.: the Town of Trieste. Geobotania, 5/85, 49-74.
  55. Nimis P.L. (1986) Urban lichen studies in Italy. 2nd.: the Town of Udine. Geobotania, 7/86, 147-172.
  56. Nimis P.L. (1987) I macrolicheni d'Italia, chiavi analitiche per la determinazione. Atti del Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale, Udine, 8, 101-220.
  57. Nimis P.L., Ciccarelli A., Lazzarin G., Barbagli R., Benedet A., Castello M., Gasparo D., Lausi D., Olivieri S., Tretiach M. (1989) I licheni come bioindicatori di inquinamento atmosferico nell'area di Schio-Thiene-Breganze (VI). In Bolletino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 16. CO.GE.V. s.r.l., Verona, Ecothema s.r.l., Trieste.
  58. Nimis P.L., Tretiach M. (1995) The lichens of Italy - a phytoclimatical outline. Crypt. Bot., 5, 199-208.
  59. Oxynos S.K., Schmitzer K., Marth J., Kettrup P. (1997) PCDD/F and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in matrices of the Federal Environmental Specimen Bank. Chemosphere, 34, 9-10, 2153-8.
  60. Palmieri F., Neri R., Benco C., Serracca L. (1997) Lichens and moss as bioindicators and bioaccumulators in air pollution monitoring. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 16, 2-3, 175-190.
  61. Phillips D.J.H. (1977). The use of biological indicator organisms to monitor trace metal pollution in marine and estuarine environments. A review. Environ. Pollut., 13, 281-317.
  62. Phillips D.J.H. (1980). Quantitative aquatic biological indicators. Their use to monitor trace metal and organochlorine pollution. Applied Science Publ. Ltd. London, 488 pp.
  63. Phillips D.J.H. and Segar D.A. (1986). Use of bio-indicators in monitoring conservative contaminants: programme design imperatives. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17, 10-17.
  64. Piervittori R. (1998) Biomonitoring with lichens in the lower Susa Valley, Piedmont (Italy). Acta Horticulturae, 457, 319.
  65. Riga-Karandinos A.N., Karandinos M.G. (1998) Assessment of air pollution from a lignite power plant in the plain of Megalopolis (Greece) using as biomonitors three species of lichens; impacts on some biochemical parameters of lichens. Sci. Total Env., 215, 167-183.
  66. Ronen R., Galun M. (1984) Pigment extraction from lichens with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and estimation of chlorophyl degradation. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 24, 239-245.
  67. Rossbach M., Jayasekera R. (1996). Air pollution monitoring at the Environmental Specimen Bank of Germany: spruce and pine shoots as bioindicators. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 354, 511-514.
  68. Schonbek H. (1968). Influence of air pollution (SO2) on transplanted lichens. Naturwissenshaften, 55, 9, 451-452.
  69. Schumacher M., Domingo J.L., Llobet J.M., Müller L., Jager J. (1997) Levels of PCDD/F in grasses and weeds collected near a municipal waste incinerator (1996-1997). Sci Total Environ, 201, 53-62.
  70. Schumacher M., Domingo J.L., Llobet J.M., Sunderhauf W., Müller L. (1998) Temporal variation of PCDD/F concentrations in vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator (1996-1997). Sci Total Environ, 218, (2-3), 175-183.
  71. St Clair L.L., Fields R.D. (1986) A comprehensive approach to biomonitoring of air quality using lichens. A field study. Am J Bot, 73, 5, 610.
  72. St Clair L.L., Fields R.D., Nakanishi M. (1986) Biomonitoring of air quality using lichens. A field study. Am J Bot, 73, 5, 610.
  73. Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C., Bisson, M. (1980) Trace metal speciation in the Yamaska and St. François Rivers (Quebec).Canada Journal Earth Science 17: 90-105.
  74. Thomas W. (1986) Representativity of mosses as biomonitor organisms for the accumulation of environmental chemicals in plants and soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 11, 339-346.
  75. van Dobben H.F. and ter Braak C.J.F. (1998) Effects of atmospheric NH3 on epiphytic lichens in the Netherlands: The pitfalls of biological monitoring. Atmospheric Environment, 32, 3, 551-557.
  76. van Dobben H.F., ter Braak C.J.F., Dirkse G.M. (1999) Undergrowth as a biomonitor for deposition of nitrogen and acidity in pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 114, 83-95.